1
2
  -2023
.. 

()
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1. ()        
()        
2.        '  
-
3. ''    ,         ?  
4.          
-
5.   ?        
6.          
2
2
 -
7. ''         ?     
 ?
8.    ,      '    
  -2023
..  

()
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1. ()        
()        
: ()      
3
2
-
       ,         
       :        
    ,  -  '    
         ,   
,  ,   
     '    , 
  
                -
  '    
1.   
  :    
""     
          
         ,      ,
     
:  
           
        '    ,  

      
:     
""     
  , ,      
  '  
              

:  
         
    
  
 ,  
     
4
2
2.   

  


 ,  

 ,   
   
, , , , 

, , ,
 
 
   (    )
   (   
 )
  
     ?
      ?
    ?
   ? 
  ?

  '   , 
'    
     ' ,
   
3.         
A.      
1.   -      
o :            ,    
 
2. -         
o :      ,      ,  
    ,       
3.  -  , , , 
o :          ,   
       
4.  -      
o :         
 ?
5.   -          
5
2
o :            '   
     
B.    
1.    (GDP)-            
o :   GDP        
2. -         
o :       ₹20     ₹25 ,   

3.  -         
o :   ,       
4.     -      
o :    ,        
  
5.   -        
o :          ,   
  
4.         
      -  '  ,      
   (  ) 
 ,    ( 
) 
   
  (),      
()   
 ()         ,  
 ()   
 ,         
5.    - 
       :
          -  , ,   
    
6
2
       -     , ,
      
   
    ()   (  )
'   
6. 
            
      '  ,   ,  
       
  '     ,    
    
  ,           
  
()        
:     
-
         ,    19
  
   -           "
     "   ,       
                
  
       '        
              
            ,     
,          
1.     
               ,   
  -  ,       ,  ,   
        ,      
7
2
 
      
      ,    
   
  ,         ,       
        ,    ()      
 
       (       ) 
  
 
           
2.       
      '  :
1.       -         ,  
, ,       
2.  
      -         
 '   
3.    -           
     
4.    
-   
;         
5.     -  '   
,      
    
3.      
 1:    
    1,000          ,  
  ,    '  ,     
   ,       
      '   
          
    
         ,     
    ,              
 2:  
    
          
  
              
8
2
   ,            
  ,   
     
  
      -  '    
4.     
A.     
       '       
 
   
        
 ,      , 
       
B.   
      
    
 ,     
     ,        ,   ,
               '
   ,      
C.   
        ,        ,  
        ,        
 ,             
5.     
    ,       ,     
.  
              :
1.     -          
,   

,           
2.    
   -       ,    
  
 ,            
3.     -       ,    
    ( , ,  ')     
B.    
            ,  -   
 , ,    
    ,     

 :
9
2
 (1929) -     ,      

,     
-19  (2020)    ,     , 
       
  
       
,      
    
6.      - 
:    
        100        , 
  ,   ,     ,   
   
 
    :
       ()?
      ?
      
?
  ,     
,        
        ,     

      
7. 
                 
               ,  
,        

   ,       
 ,  
   
 ,    ,          
                  
         

10
2
2.        '  
:       
 ,   (AD)    (AS)      
                 
        -      
   ,   , ,        
       
  (AD)
            , ,     
   -   '          
        
   :
        :
1.  (C):   , ,        ' 
             
,           ,     ,
       '   
2.  (I):        ,   
 '         '     
 ,            ,   
   
     
3.   (G):     ,     (,
, ),     '     
   
               

4.   (NX):     (     )  
(      )         
    ,         ,    
 
   ,         
   ,   AD   
     :
        :
 :     ,       
  ,      '       
     
 
11
2
  :         
(    ,  ),           ,
  AD  
 : AD      (   
)       ,       
 AD   
 :            
,      AD     ,    
       ,   AD   
  (AS)
                 
  -   '           
  
 
   :
        :
1.      (SRAS):  ,       
    ,          
        ,   ,   
              
2.       (LRAS):  ,      
 (, , ),         
      ,        
          
     :
          :
  : ,          
           ,   
     ,   ,     
:        ,    
             ,
          ,    

12
2
  :     ,     ,
       ,       
            
 :,          
       '   
 ,   
         
          |
              
       AD  AS     , - 
   
 :
         ,        
 ', , ,            
            '     
          
 ,              
    ,           ,
        ,         
 
      :
  (AD)  :         AD
 ,          , AD    
        
  (AS)  :AS  ,        

,           AS  ,    
      ,          
AD  AS     
    ,      '  :
  (AD)              
       ,       
 ,        
  (AS)               
  ,         ,   
    
13
2
   (  AD)   
 ,   (AS)     
          ,    ,   
          

 ,               
               
'   ,      
     ,
               
    ,        
-
3. ''    ,         ?  
:   :        
  ?
 ,      , , ,    ' 
    
 ,            
                    
  
        ,      
    ,
                  
     ,           
        :
1.  :              ,
,       
2.  :           , ,
      '    
          
   ,  
              ,  
 ,      
 
14
2
     
  
      ,       -  '
            ' -    
 ,         ,     
           -  '  (  
)   
 
         :
1.  
        
       , 
       ,         
        ,        
 
         
     

 
  ,      ,         , 
          
        
    ,          ,  
           
:      
       ' 
     ,         ,     
         ,         
2.  
                
               ,  
                
 ,           '     
,            ,    
      ,           
  (   ),      ,        

 
:      ,        
        
        
,    ,         
15
2
3.    
    '           
      ,       
 ,          ,     
      
 ,            
    ,        '       
  ,  -        ,   
           
:    
           
 20%    ,          
       
4.  
               

   ,           
       ,    
      
     ,             
  
 ,       '  ,     
        ,      
       (AI)       
:            
      ,    
,     
 
5.    
                
            ,     
       ,          
       
 ,          
 
:                 
  ,             ,
       ,     '      
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6.  
          
  
  ,           
   
      ,       ,   
    
:     ,           , 
           
         
 
7.   
                 
            ,      
               ,    
   
 ,    
:              , 
            ,   
          ,      
   
8.   
        
,    '    ,     
      ,           
 ,                
    ,         
: 2008         ,     
                 

 ,                
 ,  ,       '     
- ,   ,      
 
,     
           
                   

           
 
17
2
4.          
:                
   (   -)       1950  
               
     ,           
      , ,          
    ,        '  , 
       (       
)   '  
    :
     - ' - 
 ,    
()   (  )            
               ,
                
     
 ,  -     
    IS-LM  '  ,     (IS  
 )    (LM    )    
                
              
1. IS-LM :
IS-LM             
IS       
 ,        
   ,     ,       
,     ,      ,    
 
LM      
 ,         
                
 
  ()   
 
2.   :
   ,            
       
  
     
     
       ,   ,     

          
18
2
   ,  ,     ,    
  
     -            
 
,     -              
       
3.     :
  ,             
    -- 
  ():
    ,           
   ,           , 
      
    
-   ,    (   ) 
   
     IS-LM  , IS       

  
 
     ,           
         
-   ,    
 ,     
           
    
     
:
    '             
  ',              
  ' ,          
              - 
  ,              , 
    
 
IS       ,         
   ( ):
-      ,        
        ,       , 
        
 
19
2
           
 ,  
    
            ,   
    ,          
 
IS      ,        
 
:
      '            
 ,        ' ,     , 
           
        ,     ,  
 ,       ,       
     
                 ,
         
:
        ,      
       ,         
-    ,     ,      
             ,    
 
4.       :
       ,    :
 :          
 ,            
    ,            
    
 :,  ,       
          
 :          
       
20
2
:
                 
       -      '  
,         ,      
 
     ,        
,   -       
    
   ,          
      
-
5.   ?        
:   ?
       
         
   -  
 ,   
   - (  
-)          
      
         ,        
,  
            ,      ' 
      
  ,        ,  ,       
   ,           ,     
 , 
              
 ,        '         ,   
    -        
  
      ,         
         :
1.   :             
                  ,
  '   ,      ,    
 
:  
   ,  
      ,   ,
        ,      
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2
2.   :         ,       
  -               
                 

:      $20       $5 ,  
  
        
      -  -    
     
3.    :                 
   ,            
      
,         

   
 
 ,       
: 
 $100    ,  
      ,  $100 
                 
   (     ),        
4.     :           
 
      ,        
            ,     
    
: 
     ,  
     
    
              
,         
    
          
      
     ,          
              
 
1.      :      
 , 
  
    -          
        ,            

        
:  ,   '   ,       
,  
   ,          
      ,     ,       
,             
2.    :       , 
               
22
2
               , 
        ,        
    
:       
   ,    

        ,         ,
       
3.       :      
 
 ,      
    
     ,   ,   ,   
              
  ,       
:  
       
  
,  
   
         ,  
       ,  

          
4.   : ,         
  ,           
            ,
  ,             

          - ( 
  )     
:       ,        ,  
                 
  ,     ,         
    

      
 ;       
         ,    ,   , 
          
 ,    
 ,        
  ,            
 -             

   ,        ,    
  
        
 
   ,   (    )   (    ) 
 ,         - -  , 
23
2
   ,          

6.          
:   
      ,         
     
      ,    
 -        ,        
          
  '       ,    ,     
  
               
              
    ,     ,     
      
  ,         :         ,
   ,            
   
            ,     
   
            ,
      ,          
          
             :
1.                  
     
         ,     
                
 
 ,  
   ₹100   ,        
    (    )          
   '          ,   10%   ,
 ₹10     ₹90  
2.          ,      
  ,           ,     
24
2
        '   ,     
         
      ,     
;   ,     
                   
         
  
    
 - -     
 ,      ₹90           
             ₹90   ,   
                 , 
   
3.                
     ,            
                ,  
     
     ,     :
o   
  ₹100     ₹10 (10%  )    ₹90
  
o   ₹90   ,            
 
o  ,  , 10%  (₹9)     ₹81   
    ,  
          
                 
   ₹100               

      
4.              
 ,  
(   )             
                 
            
  ,               
 ,     
 ,         
   ,              
      
 ,     
 ,          , 
               
25
2
5.             
          :
o     A  ₹100        10% 
o  A ₹10        ₹90   
o     ' ₹90   ,      B 
 
 
o  B ₹9      ₹81      
o     ,          
 
           
 ₹100             ,   ' ₹1,000 
   ,          '   
6.             
,             
      ,          
  ,               ,
            

 ,                  
                  ,  
                 
         ,           

  ,      
     
 
,              
  
 ,           ,
       ,           
26
2
-
7. ''         ?     
 ?
:  : ,   
  ?
                

    ,    ,        
  
         
     
     ,       
  ₹30   
  ,      ₹35          -
  ,    -       -   
     (CPI)         ,  
    ""           ' , 
    
  
       ,     '   
     : -   -   
    :
1. -  
               ,    
   
   ,          

 ,        
 ,      ,
  ,              
       ,     '    - 
            ,     
    ,     ,     ,  
   
2. -  
-             ,   
          ,    , 
        
27
2
           ,     
      ,           , 
    ,          ' -  
-         :
  :        ,     
       
    :          ,
           
   :        ,    
    ,      ,     
3. -   (- )
    -    ,  -   -
       ,       
   
         ,   
             ,    
   ,     
 ,     ,           
      ,       
 ,   
  
4.       
                
       
 ,          
  
       ,         
,          
         (  )    () 
  ,                
     

      
,     ,          
,      , ,        
    ,             
   
28
2
1.    ( )
               ,   
  (           )  
             
   :    ,        
       ,          
    ,         ,   
    
 ,     '     ,        
,         ,       
 
   :            
       ,         
 ,           
2.   (   )
           ,    
     
  :      ,    
    ,          
  :  ,         
                
  
3. -  (  )
-            ' 
          , -  
     
 ,        ,    ,  
              , 
              
4.    
   ,    '         
          ,    '       
       ,          
29
2

              
    ,    ,         
            ,    
       
           (   ),
  (    ),  -  ( ) 
               
               
      ,      ,  
        
8.    ,      '    
:  : ,   
               
 
           ,      
                   
 ,           '       
   (  '  
)          
 ,            
   
   ,            
          (   ,  )  
          -  (   , 
, , )               ,
    ,           
:          '      
           ,   
    ,             ,
          
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   
      :
1.  
              
    ,        ,  
     
:
   (   )  ,      
       '     ,  , 

        
2.   
             
   ,    
  '     
   '       
      
    
:
  ,  ,          
     ,        '    
3.   (  )
              
             ,    
            
:
           (),     
             
 ,  
      
4.   
  
,          '  
      '          
 (   ,  ,  )  ,  
      
:
   ,        ,    
             '   
         
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5.    
          ,       
              ,  
     ,       
:
            ,      
                   ,
            
   
      :           
    
1.  
              
    :
o  :     ,     
,  ,    
o  :        ,     
(, , ),   ,        
 
 
     ,    '        
:
    '  
  (    ),    
  ,    ,       
 
2. 
            ,  
        ,      
  
o              ,  
    
o      '     ,     
 (  )
:
    
 ,        ,   
32
2
          ,    
 ,   
  ,         
   
          :
1.   
               
  ,          
 
/            
:
-19  ,           
,    ,    ,       
    
2.    
              ,  
            /  
             

:
1970     ,        
    ,             
   

 ,               
 ,  ,        
              
,              
   
      '            
                
,               
          
:            ( )      
         , 
         